SYSDBA or SYSOPER system privileges.

SYSDBA or SYSOPER system privileges. These are special administrative privileges that allow an administrator to perform basic database administration tasks, such as creating the database and instance startup and shutdown..

SYSDBA 
==============================================
Perform STARTUP and SHUTDOWN operations
ALTER DATABASE: open, mount, back up, or change character set
CREATE DATABASE
DROP DATABASE
CREATE SPFILE
ALTER DATABASE ARCHIVELOG
ALTER DATABASE RECOVER
Includes the RESTRICTED SESSION privilege

SYSOPER 
==============================================

Perform STARTUP and SHUTDOWN operations
CREATE SPFILE
ALTER DATABASE OPEN/MOUNT/BACKUP
ALTER DATABASE ARCHIVELOG
ALTER DATABASE RECOVER
Includes the RESTRICTED SESSION privilege